DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION SUPPORTED BY BLENDED LEARNING IN PRIMARY SCHOOL
Abstract
This study aims to reveal the impact of blended learning (BL) supported digital citizenship (DC) education on students' DC, digital literacy (DL), and information communication technologies (ICT) skills. In this context, the aim was to answer the question: How does BL-supported DC education impact primary school students' DC, DL, and ICT? This research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design, one of the quantitative research designs. The research study group consisted of 82 fourth-grade primary school students, divided into control and experimental groups. The research presented BL-supported DC education activities to the experimental group and DC education activities to the control group using the direct explanation method. DC education, as an intervention, was applied to the study group for 11 weeks. Data were collected through DC, DL, and ICT scales. The data obtained through the scales were analyzed with t-tests for dependent and independent samples. According to the results, the DC, DL, and ICT scores of the experimental group, which participated in the BL-supported education, among the two groups that received DC education, were higher than the control group who participated in the education given with plain instruction. BL students' digital skills were more affected. These results underscore the significance of BL-supported DC education.
Keywords: Blended learning, digital citizenship, digital literacy, information technologies, communication technologies.
REFERENCES
Akinwale, J. O., Issa, A. R., & Omotunde, C. (2017). Assessment of ICT literacy needs and competency level of pre-service teachers in the University of Lagos. International Journal for Innovative Technology Integration in Education, 1(1), 9-14.
Aldemir, C., & Avşar, M. N. (2020). Pandemi döneminde dijital vatandaşlik uygulamaları [Digital citizenship applications in the pandemic era]. Eurasian Journal of Researches in Social and Economics (EJRSE), 7(5), 148-169.
Blaj-Ward, L. & Winter, K., (2019). Engaging students as digital citizens. Higher Education Research and Development, 38(5), 879–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1607829
Blau, I., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Avdiel, O. (2020). How does the pedagogical design of a technology-enhanced collaborative academic course promote digital literacies, self-regulation, and perceived learning of students? The Internet and Higher Education, 45, 100722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2019.100722
Bouilheres, F., Le, L.T.V.H., McDonald, S., Nkhoma, C., & Jandug-Montera, L. (2020). Defining student learning experience through blended learning. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 3049–3069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10100-y
Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2021). In Pursuit of the Right Mix: Blended Learning for Augmenting, Enhancing, and Enriching Flexibility. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 16(2), i-vi.
Brandau, M., Dilley, T., Schaumleffel, C., & Himawan, L. (2021). Digital citizenship among Appalachian middle schoolers: the common sense digital citizenship curriculum, Health Education Journal, 81(2), 157-169, https://doi.org/10.1177/00178969211056429
Buchholz, B. A., DeHart, J., & Moorman, G. (2020). Digital citizenship during a global pandemic: moving beyond digital literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 64(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.1076
Cambridge. (2022). Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english
Capuno, R., Suson, R., Suladay, D., Arnaiz, V., Villarin, I., & Jungoy, E. (2022). Digital citizenship in education and its implication. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues. 14(2), 426-437.
Casa-Todd, J. (2018). Reflections on digital citizenship. Teacher Librarian, 45(3), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v14i2.6952
Choi, M. (2016). A concept analysis of digital citizenship for democratic citizenship education in the internet age. Theory & Research in Social Education, 44(4), 565–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2016.1210549
Choi, M., Glassman, M., & Cristol, D. (2017). What ıt means to be a citizen in the ınternet age: development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002
Dilek, H., & Gürel, D. (2024). 2024 taslak sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programının dijital vatandaşlık ve boyutları açısından incelenmesi. [Exploring the 2024 draft social studies curriculum in terms of digital citizenship and its dimensions] Bartın University Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 163-184.
Dotterer, G., Hedges, A., & Parker, H. (2016). Fostering digital citizenship in the classroom. The Education Digest, 82(3), 58.
Eid, M., & Ward, S. (2009). Ethics, New Media and Social Networks. Global Media Journal, 2(1), 1-4.
Fu, J. S. (2013). ICT in Education: A critical literature review and its implications. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 9(1), 112–125. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1182651
Gleason, B., & Von Gillern, S. (2018). Digital citizenship with social media: Participatory practices of teaching and learning in secondary education, Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 200-212
Godfrey, R. V. (2016). Digital citizenship: paving the way for family and consumer sciences. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 108(2). https://doi.org/10.14307/JFCS108.2.18
Jost, N. S., Jossen, S. L., Rothen, N., & Martarelli, C. S. (2021). The advantage of distributed practice in a blended learning setting. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 3097–3113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10424-9
Görmez, E. (2017). İlkokul sosyal bilgiler programinin dijital vatandaşlık ve alt boyutları açısından yeterliliği [The competency of the primary school social studies curriculum in terms of the digital citizenship and its sub-dimensions]. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 7(60), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS7220
Holland, L. M. (2017). The perceptions of digital citizenship in middle school learning. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Carson-Newman University, Jefferson.
Hollandsworth, R., Dowdy, L., & Donovan, J. (2011). Digital citizenship in K-12: It takes a village. Tech Trends, 55(4), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-011-0510-z
Hrastinski, S. (2019). What do we mean by blended learning? Tech Trends 63, 564–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00375-5
Hui, B., & Campbell, R. (2018). Discrepancy between learning and practicing digital citizenship. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9302-9
Karakuyu, A., & Ocak, G. (2024). Dijital vatandaş farkındalık ölçeği geliştirme çalışması [Developing the digital citizen awareness scale]. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 13(2), 316-326. https://dx.doi.org/10.30703/cije. 1266237
Karakuyu, A., & Ocak, G. (2024). Dijital vatandaşlık dersine yönelik ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi [Determination of the needs for digital citizenship course]. Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education Journal (GUJGEF), 44(3), 2097-2135. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1428139
Kim, M., & Choi, D. (2018). Development of youth digital citizenship scale and implication for educational setting. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 155-171. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26273877
Koç, N. E., & Koç, E. (2021). Pandemi dönemi’nde türkiye’de dijital vatandaşlik olgusu [Digital citizenship case in turkey during pandemic period]. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 11(3), 1019-1035. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tojdac/issue/62647/929579
Krutka, D. G., & Carpenter, J. P. (2017). Digital citizenship in the curriculum. Educational Leadership, 75(3), 50-55.
Lauricella, A.R., Herdzina, J., & Robb, M. (2020). Early childhood educators’ teaching of digital citizenship competencies, Computers & Education, 158, 103989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103989.
Martin, A. (2005). DigEuLit – a European framework for digital literacy: A progress report. Journal of e-Literacy, 2(2), 130–136.
Martin, F., Gezer, T., & Wang, C. (2019). Educators’ perceptions of student digital citizenship practices, Computers in the Schools, 36(4), 238-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2019.1674621
Meyers, E. M., Erickson, I., & Small, R. V. (2013). Digital literacy and informal learning environments: an introduction. Learning, Media and Technology, 38(4), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2013.783597
Mohammadyari, S., & Singh, H. (2015). Understanding the effect of e-learning on individual performance: The role of digital literacy. Computers & Education, 82, 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.10.025
Monk, E. F., Guidry, K. R., Pusecker, K. L., & Ilvento, T. W. (2020). Blended learning in computing education: It is here but does it work?. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09920-4
Ng, W. (2012). Can we teach digital natives digital literacy? Computers & Education, 59(3), 1065–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.016
Öngören, H. (2022). Türkiye’de internet kullanım eğilimi ve dijital vatandaşlık algısının insan hakları bağlamında incelenmesi [Investigation of Internet Usage Trend and Digital Citizenship Perception in Turkey in the Context of Human Rights]. TİHEK Academic Journal, 5(9), 47-82. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tihek/issue/72572/1117445
Öztürk M., (2021). Dijital vatandaşlık araştırmalarının incelenmesi: Kavramsal ve yöntemsel eğilimler [Examining digital citizenship studies: conceptual and methodological trends]. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 11(2), 385-393. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2021.457
Pedersen, A. Y., Nørgaard, R. T., & Köppe, C. (2018). Patterns of inclusion: Fostering digital citizenship through hybrid education. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 225-236.
Preddy, L. (2016). The critical role of the school librarian in digital citizenship education. Knowledge Quest, 44(4), 4.
Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., & Abdullah, N.R. (2020). Challenges in the online component of blended learning: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 144, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103701
Ribble, M. (2015). Digital Citizenship in Schools: Nine Elements All Students Should Know (3rd ed.). Washington DC: International Society for Technology in Education.
Şahin, A., Asal Özkan, R., & Turan, B. N. (2022). İlkokul öğrencilerine yönelik dijital okuryazarlık ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Development of the digital literacy scale for primary school students: a study of validity and reliability]. Journal of Mother Tongue Education, 10(3), 619-630. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.1109283
Saleem, T. A. (2018). Digital citizenship and its activation means in educational institutions. In International Forum of Teaching and Studies, 14(2), 39-53.
Schou, J., & Hjelholt, M. (2018). Digital citizenship and neo-liberalization: governing digital citizens in Denmark. Citizenship Studies, 22(5), 507-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1477920
Şen, A. T. (2025). Dijital vatandaşlık: bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması [Digital citizenship: a scale adaptation study]. Cankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 15(1), 108-128. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1447631
Sevigen, M., & Yılar, M. B. (2022). Türkiye’de eğitim alanında yazılan dijital vatandaşlık konulu lisansüstü tezlerdeki eğilimler [Trends in graduate theses on digital citizenship written in the field of education in Turkey]. International Journal of New Approaches in Social Studies, 6(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.38015/sbyy.1108752
Smyth, S., Houghton, C., Cooney, A., & Casey, D. (2012). Students' experiences of blended learning across a range of postgraduate programmes. Nurse Education Today, 32(4), 464–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2011.05.014
Soriani, A. (2018). From media education to digital citizenship: origins, perspectives and policy ımplementations in the school systems across europe. Journal of Theories and Research in Education, 13(3), 85-122.
Stripling, B. (2010). Teaching students to think in the digital environment: digital literacy and digital inquiry. School Library Monthly, 26(8), 16-19.
Erol, M., & Kocakülah, M. S. (2024). Fen eğitiminde harmanlanmış öğrenme yaklaşımının kullanımı: sistematik bir derleme [Use of blended learning approach on science education: a systematic review]. The Journal of Buca Faculty of Education, 62, 3249-3271. https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1498835
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Tan, B., & Merey, Z. (2021). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin internet kullanımına ilişkin görüşlerinin dijital vatandaşlık kapsamında incelenmesi [Investigation of private school and public school students' views on internet use within the scope of digital citizenship]. YYU Journal of Education Faculty, 18(1), 162-193. https://doi.org/10.33711/yyuefd.859561
Thomas, S. N. (2018). Promoting digital citizenship in first-year students: framing ınformation literacy as a tool to help peers. College and Undergraduate Libraries, 25(1), 52-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10691316.2017.1329675
Tonbuloğlu, B., & Tonbuloğlu, İ. (2023). Trends and patterns in blended learning research (1965–2022). Education and Information Technologies, 28, 13987–14018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11754-0
Tutar, H., Erdem, A. T., & Şahin, N. (2024). Dijital vatandaşlık ölçeği (DVÖ): Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Digital citizenship scale (DCS): Validity and reliability study]. Alanya Academic Review Journal, 8(1), 310-327. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1337114
Wang, X., & Xing, W. (2018). Exploring the influence of parental involvement and socioeconomic status on teen digital citizenship: A path modeling approach. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 186-199.
Wu, Y. C. J., Pan, C. I., & Yuan, C. H. (2017). Attitudes towards the use of information and communication technology in management education. Behaviour & Information Technology, 36(3), 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2016.1212928
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Online Journal of Primary Education (IOJPE)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.